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“It was fairly superb how effectively the experimental knowledge and numerical simulation matched,” Eckert stated. In reality, it matched so carefully that Carenza’s first response was that it should be fallacious. The workforce jokingly frightened {that a} peer reviewer would possibly assume they’d cheated. “It actually was that stunning,” Carenza stated.
The observations reply a “long-standing query about the kind of order current in tissues,” stated Joshua Shaevitz, a physicist at Princeton College who reviewed the paper (and didn’t assume they’d cheated). Science typically “will get murky,” he stated, when knowledge factors to seemingly conflicting truths—on this case, the nested symmetries. “Then somebody factors out or reveals that, effectively, these issues aren’t so distinct. They’re each proper.”
Kind, Pressure, and Operate
Precisely defining a liquid crystal’s symmetry isn’t only a mathematical train. Relying on its symmetry, a crystal’s stress tensor—a matrix that captures how a fabric deforms underneath stress—appears to be like completely different. This tensor is the mathematical hyperlink to the fluid dynamics equations Giomi wished to make use of to attach bodily forces and organic capabilities.
Bringing the physics of liquid crystals to bear on tissues is a brand new method to perceive the messy, sophisticated world of biology, Hirst stated.
The exact implications of the handoff from hexatic to nematic order aren’t but clear, however the workforce suspects that cells might exert a level of management over that transition. There’s even evidence that the emergence of nematic order has one thing to do with cell adhesion, they stated. Determining how and why tissues manifest these two interlaced symmetries is a undertaking for the longer term—though Giomi is already engaged on utilizing the outcomes to grasp how most cancers cells movement by the physique after they metastasize. And Shaevitz famous {that a} tissue’s multiscale liquid crystallinity could possibly be associated to embryogenesis—the method by which embryos mould themselves into organisms.
If there’s one central concept in tissue biophysics, Giomi stated, it’s that construction provides rise to forces, and forces give rise to capabilities. In different phrases, controlling multiscale symmetry could possibly be a part of how tissues add as much as greater than the sum of their cells.
There’s “a triangle of kind, power, and performance,” Giomi stated. “Cells use their form to manage forces, and these in flip function the working engine of mechanical performance.”
Original story reprinted with permission from Quanta Magazine, an editorially unbiased publication of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to boost public understanding of science by protecting analysis developments and developments in arithmetic and the bodily and life sciences.
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